Service Business Management for Edward Elgar-myassignmenthelp

Question: Examine about theService Business Management for Edward Elgar. Answer: Presentation The article clarifies in detail the issue of unscrupulous review by examining firms which has become an issue of extraordinary worry by financial specialists. The paper talks about the different contextual investigations that have formed misrepresentation in reviewing of budget summaries by autonomous examiners. Disappointment by the reviewers to direct a careful review on organizations' has come about to gigantic misfortunes by significant organizations all inclusive. The paper extends that the absence of legitimate enactment setting increasingly lawful duty on the reviewer in the event that they offer unfit input on the fiscal reports and they later go to be extortion. Tesco utilized dodgy bookkeeping to overstate their money related outcomes with the goal that speculators could be tricked into purchasing the organizations' stock. The organization was seen as have exaggerated the refund pay and subsequently overstating the incomes of the organization. The other evaluating firms lik ewise neglected to distinguish misrepresentation at Colonial bank which wound up getting indebted. Enron and WorldCom embarrassment was the most mainstream of these cases and it turned into the greatest bookkeeping disappointment ever (Zimmermann Werner, 2013). This impelled the detailing of new laws administering evaluating. This paper examines the jobs and duty of evaluators in some random association. The paper additionally talks about guidelines and deregulations in bookkeeping just as the effect. My perspective on the paper The paper dissects the significant cases in evaluating misrepresentation and the consequences of dodgy reviewing exercises. Examining is a delicate procedure in an association and thusly it is significant that reviewers are exhaustive in their work. The evaluating of an organizations budget summaries must be finished with the enthusiasm of the investors at the bleeding edge. The large four evaluating organizations all inclusive have been confronted a by a progression of situations where the organizations have given a spotless record on the budgetary records of an association though there is a great deal of extortion, error, and oversights in the fiscal reports (Welytok, 2008).The reviewing organizations will in general make a warm relationship with the organizations. The organizations give attractive charges to the evaluating organizations and consequently they wind up trading off the gauges of reviewing and henceforth prompting an expansion in these cases. A few evaluators are actua lly liable for the chaos and they should be legitimately answerable for the extortion and the deceptive budget reports inspected by their parent organizations'. The administrative body which is the Auditing and Assurance Standards Board should put progressively severe measures to guarantee that the enthusiasm of the investors is secured. The enactment should put individual lawful duty on the reviewers to who did the review. This would help in expanding capability and polished methodology in examining calling to guarantee that exhaustive review is led on the organizations and henceforth expanding the certainty of clients of the budget summaries who right now have lost confidence in the outer inspectors( Great britain.2011). The evaluators need to guarantee that the organizations' don't favor fiscal summaries that are loaded with extortion. The evaluating enormous examining firms likewise need to assume liability and increase current standards on inspecting guidelines in order to spar e the speculators from the immense misfortunes that they have brought about because of misdirecting reviewed fiscal summaries. Basic assessment of job and duty of the examiner The examiners have an enormous obligation in securing the interests of investors and other significant partners of the customer organization. The outer examiners assume a basic job in investigating and approving the fiscal reports of the customer organization. The examined fiscal reports of an organization are imperative to the moneylenders of funds and different loan bosses. On the off chance that one of these partners understands that the evaluator neglected to recognize material misquotes in budget reports. This gives an awful impact on the bookkeeping firm and the organization being examined. The awful exposure may come because of this disappointment and it might wind up being exorbitant to the organization itself and the evaluating firm (Stachowicz-stanusch, Amann mMangia, 2017) It is along these lines significant that evaluators appended to a specific reviewing firm must know about the measures set by the administrative bodies and the organization itself. Coming up next are the significant obligations and obligations of inspectors; The evaluators are liable for giving a supposition on the budget summaries arranged by the organization. The outer directors are responsible for guaranteeing that the budget reports arranged by the bookkeeping branch of an organization are in accordance with the bookkeeping standards and principles specified in the International group of bookkeeping and the Australian Accounting Standards Board (BrysonDaniels, 2015). The outer reviewer isn't liable for setting up the announcements. They examine and guarantee that what is recorded in the budget reports is the perfect thing before offering an input on the monetary reports. For this job to be played impeccably, the reviewer should be proficient and autonomous. The evaluator have the job of assessing and understanding the inner control framework. This causes the evaluator to comprehend the significant escape clauses in the inward control framework. This will likewise assist the inspector with identifying the most unsafe territories and rank them properly (Doyran, 2011). This will assist with comprehension the The reviewer has an obligation of understanding the element and the earth which the substance works. The reviewer needs to comprehend the idea of the business in which the organization is working in. The inspector likewise needs to comprehend the difficulties looked in the working condition of the organization and comprehend the things that are at the center of the organizations activities (Pietra, McleayRonen, n.d.). This will be significant for the reviewers to direct hazard evaluation for the organization and contrast it and different organizations in the business before settling on the most proficient method to approach their bookkeeping work. The inspector additionally needs to get adequate material proof when making an assessment on the budget reports. The nature of proof gathered by the reviewer is likewise significant in maneuvering up the assessment communicated by the creator. The reviewers have a duty of being free all through the examining task. They ought to guarantee that their freedom isn't undermined at whatever cost. The review firms ought not have a money related enthusiasm for the organization which is the customer. This will guarantee that all the records are explored altogether and a reasonable and genuine feeling is communicated by the evaluator (Klikauer, 2012). This assists with raising the validity and affirmation of the outer review. The examiner has an obligation of testing the documentation and supporting adjusts of records. The preliminary adjusts of the organization and other testing documentation must be examined by the inspector. The inspector additionally needs to watch and affirm the physical stock to guarantee that what is recorded in the fiscal reports is really what exists genuinely. Autonomy of inspectors The issue of autonomy of either the outside or the inner reviewer is basic. This is on the grounds that the evaluators are required to examine the fiscal summary by the organization and make a genuine and genuine conclusion on the budget reports. The evaluators should be free from parties whether organizations or people who have a monetary enthusiasm for the organization that is examined. The outer inspector should be free from the organizations or the elements that have an enthusiasm for the fiscal reports of a specific substance (Hill Rae, 2010). The freedom of an examiner is at the center of the code of morals of the bookkeeping calling and each inspecting firms code of morals. This is on the grounds that the job of examiners in an organization is to research fiscal summaries autonomously without preferring any of the gatherings keen on the monetary outcomes. The autonomy of the examiner implies that the clients of the inspected budgetary records will have expanded trust in the ou tcomes. The outrages experienced since the year 2000, for example, the Enron embarrassment has given occasion to feel qualms about the freedom of the inspectors. This is on the grounds that as examined for the situation contemplates, it is seen that the biggest reviewing organizations have submitted bookkeeping disappointments that have been expensive to the organizations and the financial specialists (Beattie, FearnleyHines, 2011). Some reviewing firms have connived with the organizations they are examining to convince them to bargain the inspecting guidelines in order to suit material errors and issue inadequate sentiment on the monetary reports. New guidelines should be set up to cause the organizations to cling to the standard of autonomy and henceforth improve the certainty that gatherings have on reviewed budget summaries. Guidelines and deregulations There are a lot of changes in guidelines that have been made to laws in the evaluating part to help diminish the disappointments that have been seen throughout the years. The review/bookkeeping disappointments saw since the year 2001 has required a start to change the guidelines of the business and the calling to help increment certainty among the clients of examined budget reports. A portion of these progressions have included huge evacuation of certain guidelines which meddle with the capacity of the inspectors to convey a valid and reasonable conclusion on a companys fiscal summaries. There has been a call for organizations to change reviewers routinely. There has been proposition that an evaluator ought to be given a contact of ten years after which their exhibition can be recharged to assesses whether they are the best alternative. In the US, the Sarbanes - Oxley Act was executed to manage the issue of irreconcilable circumstance on the

Incorporate Works Project To Public And Private Sector Employers

Question: Examine about the Incorporate Specialist Works In The Project. Answer: Presentation Development extends normally include a great deal of partners to guarantee that such activities are fruitful. One of the most significant component in development ventures is to guarantee that the task itself and the laborers offer an incentive for cash. Both open and private areas bosses in the development business have understood the need to play out an evaluation with respect to the budgetary suitability of authorities who tackle different parts of a task (Clamp, 2012). In development extends, an expert is unavoidable and will in general be the most noteworthy for the achievement of a task. Hence, open and private segment businesses need to have intensive examination exercises in order to ensure that they have a pro set up who can help in understanding the objectives and goals of the venture that is being chipped away at. The way that there is have to evaluate different alternatives accessible to people in general and private area managers for authority work in development ventures, implies that experts esteem for cash is the center of this action. According to Blyth and Worthington, (2010) the need to characterize the important customer necessities at a beginning period has gotten incredibly basic for each development venture. It is basic that at the absolute starting point, the desires for the business should be pair with the ones who are required to participate in a development explicitly a master. One of the issues that may deflect the examination of the different alternatives accessible to open and private segment managers to fuse pro works in an undertaking is poor correspondence. When there is poor correspondence inside the task group and the customer body, it will be hard to arrive at suitable examination alternatives. Another purpose behind variables that many impact an evaluation for an auth ority is the incorporation of pointless excellent guidelines. As much as each development work requires an expert who goes well beyond to accomplish the set guidelines, a portion of the examination alternatives set by open and private bosses can't be met by any pro. This paper centers around the examination choices that can be used by open and private segment bosses in the development business to fuse master work in an undertaking. The development business is one of the most genuine enterprises on the planet. Activities are normally expected to be of high caliber with the goal that an owner can get another chance to chip away at different ventures. Therefore, development businesses in private and open divisions have guaranteed that they center around the quality that pros get the development works. In any case, the development business has a background marked by conveying low quality work over the previous years therefore having an evaluation for the alternatives of authority appears to be a misnomer. In excess of 20% of development ventures neglect to meet the desires for the businesses. The idea of value is relied upon the comprehension of each sort of contractual worker. Then again, quality may mean different angles which are entwined in the underlying structure of a task. This infers the comprehension of a contractual worker or an expert to decipher a venture structure with military exactness and cautiously executing the necessity of the plan. Then again, quality may likewise mean the speed that a contractual worker understands a structure of an undertaking. It is accepted that a speedy comprehension of a structure of an undertaking will portray a top notch creation. Contracting It ought to be noticed that the issue of value is normally not a topic of conversation during an agreement when a business is choosing a master. Quality is generally an offthe-book undertaking that is talked about between a business and a pro. As brought up by International type of agreement, (2007), the way that a methodology for accomplishing wanted consequences of a task is isolated from the principle contract, portrays an explanation behind low quality work in the development segment. A handshake examination for quality work is impeding to an accomplishment of a task. The gatherings in an agreement, for this situation, an authority, will concentrate on the composed understanding in an agreement since one is esteemed to be considered responsible after penetrating an agreement. Additionally, an easygoing discuss desires for great work can't be paid attention to by any person. An ordinary agreement centers around the work necessities and how work is relied upon to be led nearby. A v enture being attempted ought to be couple with required materials, number of laborers and follows the methodology as coordinated in a plan thus the issue of value is relied upon an individual expert however not coordinated by an agreement. The way that agreements don't manage the quality however systems for a venture is unfavorable to the quality and achievement of a task. For a typical authority, quality won't be an issue of worry as long the methods are followed whereby there is no deviation from the necessary principles and practices as specified in an agreement. With this information on contracts, contracting is one of the alternatives to be assessed in order to incorporate an authority work in a venture. It isn't just major that an authority conforms to the work prerequisite in an agreement, yet additionally guarantee that quality ought to likewise be acknowledged during the time spent endeavor a task (Caplehorn, 2012). With a quality necessity in an agreement, a master will come to know the criticalness of executing a venture carefully. Most agreements ordinarily contain the RIAI and GDLA structures which require a contractual worker or a master to take a shot at the task according to the necessities. These struc tures likewise contain a few parts of value since they require a task to be agreeable of a business. At the point when such parts of value are legitimized, at that point the likelihood of delivering work that is of exclusive expectations is high. Be that as it may, for certain reasons, most managers focus on the work prerequisites and the term of consummation of a venture consequently influencing the nature of a task (Fewings, 2013). Assignment of masters Getting ready for evaluation of an experts work in the development business requires broad site overviews and furthermore site data. The examination work calls for exhortation of different offices in the development business, for example, the designers, or different experts relying upon the unpredictability of a task. Pro work is masterminded contrastingly as specified in the PWC and GDLA contracts. As of now, the PWC structures don't contain an arrangement where a contractual worker is permitted to have the option to select a pro of decision to play out a particular work (Chartered Institute of Building 2002). Inability to have this arrangement, the nature of any development work is contained. It is basic that a temporary worker ought to be allowed a chance to pick an expert of decision since contractual workers as a rule have long involvement with the development business and are in a situation to choose a master who has an excellent reputation. Another procedure of choosing a mast er is tedious and might influence the normal finish date of a task (Pickavance, 2016). Additionally, the business will cause additional expenses in an offer to locate the correct pro despite the fact that a reputation of a specific pro is obscure or vague. A designer is in a superior situation to get a pro who is equipped and ready to convey quality that is normal. Permitting a modeler to assign a favored master utilizing the PWC structures, will give a sneak pick to the business on the fitness of an engineer. This is on the grounds that a high performing engineer is probably going to choose a high performing authority while a low performing draftsman is probably going to select a clumsy master. Because of the nonattendance of assignment arrangement in the PWC structures, experts are required to experience the ordinary strategy of applying for tenders where the tenders will go to the business who will thus, select the best authority. Contingent upon the business, various agreements can permit the selection of experts. The particulars of numerous PWC structures is dictated by the business. A few bosses accept that the designation procedure is an open door for contractual workers to give their companions work opportunity or to have the engineer sneak in their sub-organizations which offer master administrations. Hence, a business has the duty of basically looking at designated masters. This will offer a chance to know whether the predefined pros are up to the errands or not. The assessment of masters should happen during the prequalification stage and furthermore a delicate stage. The prequalification stage will incorporate taking a gander at the foundation of a master. This i s the place an experts reputation is acutely seen to see whether the prerequisite of the set task can be met. At the delicate stage, a meeting will be led to see whether an authority has the stuff to manage different circumstances that many come up with an end goal to attempt to play out a particular assignment. As much as assignments for masters is significant for simple enlistment, delicate strategies ought to likewise be applied to selected pros in order to cull out clumsy experts and distinguish capable authorities who can convey the normal quality guidelines. Cost delivered by masters The estimation of tasks is significant in deciding the quality and accomplishment of an undertaking (Kirkham et al., 2013). The general expense of an undertaking including the expense of a pro can be dictated by the business giving out far reaching subtleties of a site examination in order to give a temporary worker a perspective on how much the general task is going to cost. Article four in the Articles of Agreement is reasonable with the greater part of legitimate desires for all agreements where the expense of a venture isn't esteemed for change except if there are explicit events which are ou

Fresh Food!

Fresh Food! Dining is a hot topic here, and rightfully so cause a tooling MIT student has got to eat. In fact, all college students need to eat (hopefully that wasnt surprising to hear). No matter which school you attend, most likely youll be at the mercy of whatever treats the school gives you. Today, something magical is happening. Students, DSL team up to bring produce stand to campus Anne Wilson, Campus Dining March 27, 2009 A cooperative effort between students and Division of Student Life is bearing fruit in the form of a campus produce stand that will open for business beginning Tuesday, March 31. The MIT Market will sell fruits and vegetables from noon to 6 p.m. on Tuesdays in the East Campus Courtyard near Walker Memorial. The stand will be run by Russos, the Watertown-based retailer that won the Best Produce category in Boston magazines 2007 Best of Boston rankings. Sophomore Vrajesh Modi, an Undergraduate Association Senator from East Campus, proposed the project to Dean for Student Life Chris Colombo in January after working with other students to poll East Campus residents about ways to make fruits and vegetables more accessible and affordable. Modi, who called the fruit and vegetable stand idea a unanimous choice, then worked with staff in Residential Life and Campus Dining to make the project a reality. Ideally, we would like to see the student body at large use this and see it have a positive impact on health and wellness at MIT, said Modi. We would also like to see this become a permanent part of the culture and the dining system. (You can read the rest here.) As for me, Im flippin EXCITED! I dont care much for most fruits as they make my throat itch, but there are many vegetables which I love. Right now, its 11:54AM. I happened to get out of class early today. Im sitting in my room facing the EC courtyard, tapping my feet. Consider this a bit of a liveblog. 11:55AM: Check wallet. Cash? Check. 11:56AM: *wonders if just one $20 bill would be enough* 11:57AM: *goes outside*! ~12:00PM: Vrajesh 11 (not pictured) opens the grand opening ceremony with a short thanks to everyone who helped, then Dean Colombo cuts the ribbon. Shopping commences. 12:19PM: THIS LINE IS REALLY LONG. And somehow it got colder, but Im just glad its so nice out. ~12:25PM: I now have a huge head of romaine lettuce, a bunch of snow peas, one red bell pepper, a variety of potatoes, a pound of carrots, and a bulb of garlic. And it only cost me $6! And I only stopped because I couldnt carry more in my hands, because I hadnt thought to bring some bigger, more environmentally friendly bag.. -_-. ~12:35PM: The lettuce is so huge it pretty much takes up the entirety of my dorm-sized crisper. With everything else inside, it doesnt really close anymore.. ah well. 12:37PM: Even Lulus cat wants to see what all the fuss is about. I plan to go back and buy a few more things, like green beans and maybe some herbs. Hmm, what should I make for dinner? :)

Improving A City Of Hamilton - 1344 Words

What can be done to improve a city that has already been developed? This was the question posed to the City of Hamilton in regards how Hamilton, a city that has been forgotten, could be revitalised. The best way to revitalise an area is to make it more accessible. The Light Rail Transit or LRT is key to ensuring Hamilton gets the improvement it needs to have the ability to be a major economic contributor in the future. What the City has proposed is the best way to improve the newly revitalised Hamilton. With a LRT along King connecting Mcmaster to Eastgate, the East and West of Hamilton will be connected in a more efficient way than ever before. Furthermore, with the LRT running along James street the waterfront will be connected to†¦show more content†¦However, with an LRT you would be building above ground and while this will cause a short term amount of heavy construction and traffic, it would not threaten the city’s structure, only further develop it. While many people would agree that a LRT is better than a subway to build, what about buses? Why can’t Hamilton just deploy more buses? While this seems like an easy solution, the LRT provides the better solution. Buses go with the flow of traffic, and have to stop more than LRT’s, causing backups on the road. With more buses on the road the traffic will only increase. However, with the LRT, they will get all the advances from the lights and will not stop a much as the average distance between stops is 800m-1km (Kalinowski. T. 2013, Oct. 28). As opposed to buses where the average distance between stops is half than that. In fact, an early study suggested that the inclusion of an LRT in Hamilton would not cause gridlock or conversion of major roads into two way roads (Dongen, M. V. 2016, August 03. LRT Would Have Mixed Results on Car Traffic: Study.). Hence the LRT in Hamilton has little to no cons in regards to traffic, in contrast to the a transit system which would make traffic worse. Other Canadian cities that have an LRT are Edmonton, and Calgary where they have seen great improvements to the traffic in their city because of it. Besides Hamilton, the city of Waterloo is also looking atShow MoreRelatedAmys Flower Industry816 Words   |  4 Pagescreating convenience and cutting back costs for both customers and business operations alike. The similarity of products and services characterizes the industry as a perfect competition market system. This report gives attention to Amy’s Flowers, a Hamilton based online floral retailer. The objective of the report is to evaluate the firm as a player in a perfect competitive market. The report will aim to identify key factors and issues of the business environment that restrict the firm in a red oceanRead MoreMechanism Of Effect Essay1059 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican youths. 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Laundromat Business Plan - 2351 Words

Laura’s Laundromat The Eco-Friendly Laundromat Business Plan March 1, 2009 403 S. Czech Hall Road Yukon, OK 73099 405-577-5651 LaurasLaundromat@yahoo.com www.LaurasLaundromat.com 1 INDEX 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 3.0 3.1 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0 Executive Summary Objectives Mission Keys to Success Company Summary Company Ownership Startup Summary Location Equipment Permits Local Competition Marketing / Advertisement / Operations Store Layout Demographics Industry Summary Monthly Projected Income Proforma 10.0 Attachments 11.0 Additional income source 12.0 Investor Return 2 1.0 Executive Summary Laura’s Laundromat is a startup laundromat that will target a customer base of low to middle income renters or owners. Laura’s†¦show more content†¦Investors will be sought to provide the startup cost for land acquisition and building construction. A conventional loan will be used for the remainder of the costs. Mrs. Ridley will be responsible for making the monthly payments each month. (See table 2A). Table 2A Land Furniture Security Cameras Personal Computer 5 TV’s with mounts Exercise Equipment Vending Machine Misc. Expenses Construction Sub totals Equipment Total Estimated Amount $365,000 $10,000 $3,500 $3,500 $5,000 $4,000 $4,500 $5,000 $500,000 $900,500 $242,000 $1,142,500 Budget Amount $365,000 $10,000 $3,500 $3,500 $5,000 $4,000 $4,500 $5,000 $500,000 $900,500 $242,000 $1,142,500 2.3 Location Laura’s Laundromat’s office will be located at 403 S. Czech Hall Road, Yukon, Oklahoma. The location of the store is essential to acquiring the target customer base of low to middle income renters and home owners since it is located in an area that has a heavy concentration of apartment complexes. Laura’s Laundromat will be located approximately 3.0 miles from nearest competitor to the north and 6.0 miles from the nearest competitor to the south. More about competitors and their stores are described later in detail. 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Offred illustrates a sharp correlation between possessions and women created solelyRead MoreHr Practices in Google1146 Words   |  5 Pagesinterests both inside and outside Google. We strive to design a unique benefits package that helps Googlers balance their busy lives and allow them to focus on the things they love to do. Our Benefits /Perks team develops programs like our top-tier health plans and a generous 401(k) matching program, in addition to on-site services at our U.S. headquarters which include a wellness center with on-site physicians, cafes with gourmet meals, four full-service fitness centers and massage services. Compensation:Read MoreThe Book Blow By Bruce Porter1664 Words   |  7 Pageshigh school, his father Fred suffered a cerebral hemorrhage. His condition severely affected his speech and soon afterwards his business went down. This took an emotional toll on Fred, who eventually got a part time job as a superintendent at a cemetery, where he would trim headstones and help to set up burial monuments. He also worked occasionally sweeping out the laundromat. George’s mother still worked at the boutique store. Money was tight and George’s uncle began helping the family financially

The Stupidest Angel Chapter 12~14 Free Essays

Chapter 12 THE STUPIDEST ANGEL’S CHRISTMAS MIRACLE Sundown, Christmas Eve. The rain was coming down so hard that there didn’t appear to be any space between the drops – just a wall of water, moving almost horizontally on wind that was gusting to seventy miles per hour. In the forest behind the Santa Rosa Chapel, the angel chewed his Snickers and ran a wet hand over the tire tracks at the back of his neck, thinking, I really should have gotten more specific directions. We will write a custom essay sample on The Stupidest Angel Chapter 12~14 or any similar topic only for you Order Now He was tempted to go find the child again and ask him exactly where Santa Claus was buried. He realized now that â€Å"somewhere in the woods behind the church† wasn’t telling him much. To go back to get directions, however, would dilute somewhat the whole miraculousness of the miracle. This was Raziel’s first Christmas miracle. He’d been passed over for the task for two thousand years, but finally his turn had come up. Well, actually, the Archangel Michael’s turn had come up, and Raziel ended up getting the job by losing in a card game. Michael had bet the planet Venus against his assigned task of performing the Christmas miracle this year. Venus! Although he wasn’t really sure what he would have done with Venus had he won it, Raziel knew he needed the second planet, if for no other reason than that it was large and shiny. He didn’t like the whole abstract quality of the Christmas miracle mission. â€Å"Go to Earth, find a child who has made a Christmas wish that can only be granted by divine intervention, then you will be granted powers to grant that wish.† There were three parts. Shouldn’t the job be given to three angels? Shouldn’t there be a supervisor? Raziel wished he could trade this in for the destruction of a city. That was so simple. You found the city, you killed all the people, you leveled all the buildings, even if you totally screwed it up you could track down the survivors in the hills and kill them with a sword, which, in truth, Raziel kind of enjoyed. Unless, of course, you destroyed the wrong city, and he’d only done that what? Twice? Cities in those days weren’t that big, anyway. Enough people to fill a couple of good-size Wal-Marts, tops. Now there’s a mission, thought the angel: â€Å"Raziel! Go forth into the land and lay waste unt o two good-size Wal-Marts, slay until blood doth flow from all bargains and all the buildings are but rubble – and pick up a few Snickers bars for yourself.† A tree waving in the wind nearby snapped with the report of a cannon, and the angel came out of his fantasy. He needed to get this miracle done and be gone. Through the rain he could see that people were starting to arrive at the little church, fighting their way through the wind and the rain, the lights in the windows flickering even as the party was starting. There was no going back, the angel thought. He would just have to wing it (which, considering he was an angel, he really should have been better at). He raised his arms to his sides and his black coat streamed out behind him on the wind, revealing the tips of his wings folded underneath. In his best pronouncement voice, he called out the spell. â€Å"Let he who lies here dead arise!† He sort of did a hand motion to cover pretty much the general area. â€Å"Let he who does not live, live again. Arise from your grave this Christmas and live!† Raziel looked at the half-eaten Snickers he was holding and realized that maybe he should be more specific about what was supposed to happen. â€Å"Come forth from the grave! Celebrate! Feast!† Nothing. Nothing whatsoever happened. There, said the angel to himself. He popped the last of the Snickers bar into his mouth and wiped his hands on his coat. The rain had subsided for a bit and he could see a ways into the woods. Nothing was happening. â€Å"I mean it!† he said in his big scary angel voice. Not a damn thing. Wet pine needles, some wind, trees whipping back and forth, rain. No miracle. â€Å"Behold!† said the angel. â€Å"For I am really not kidding.† A great gust of wind came up at that second and another nearby pine snapped and fell, missing the angel by only a few feet. â€Å"There. It’s just going to take a little time.† He walked out of the woods and down Worchester Street into town. â€Å"Wow, I’m famished all of a sudden,† said Marty in the Morning, all dead, all the time. â€Å"I know,† said Bess Leander, poisoned yet perky. â€Å"I feel really strange. Hungry, and something else. I’ve never felt this before.† â€Å"Oh, my dear,† said Esther, the schoolteacher, â€Å"I can suddenly think of nothing but brains.† â€Å"How ’bout you, kid?† asked Marty in the Morning. â€Å"You thinking about brains?† â€Å"Yeah,† said Jimmy Antalvo. â€Å"I could eat.† For Luck, There Is No Chapter 13. JUST THIS CHRISTMAS PHOTO ALBUM Sometimes, if you look closely at family snapshots, you can see in the faces of the children, portents of the adults they will become. In the adults, you can sometimes see the face behind the face. Not always, but sometimes†¦ Tucker Case In this shot we see a well-to-do California family posed in front of their lakeshore estate in Elsinore, California. (It’s an eight-by-ten color glossy, embossed with the trademark of a professional photographer’s studio.) They are all tanned and healthy-looking. Tucker Case is perhaps ten years old, dressed in a little sport coat with a yachting ensign on the breast pocket and little tasseled loafers. He is standing in front of his mother, who has the same blond hair and bright blue eyes, the same smile that looks not as if she is presenting her dental work, but as if she is just seconds from bursting out laughing. Three generations of Cases – brothers, sisters, uncles, aunts, and cousins – look perfectly coiffed, pressed, washed, and shined. All are smiling, except for one little girl down front, who has an expression of abject horror on her face. A closer look reveals the back of her red Christmas dress is tossed up to one side, and snaking in from the side, from under his little blue sport coat, is the hand of young Tuck, who has just stolen an incestuous squeeze of his cousin Janey’s eleven-year-old bottom. What is telling about this picture is not the surreptitious booty grope, but the motive, because here Tucker Case is at an age where he is much more interested in blowing stuff up than he is in sex, yet he is precociously cognizant of just how much his advances will freak his cousin out. This is his raison d’tre. It should be noted that Janey Case-Robbins will go on to distinguish herself as a successful litigator and advocate for women’s rights, while Tucker Case will go on to be a serially heartbroken horn dog with a fruit bat. Lena Marquez The shot is taken in someone’s backyard on a sunny day. There are children all around and it’s obvious that a big party is going on. She’s six, wearing a fluffy pink dress and patent-leather shoes. She couldn’t be any cuter, with her long black hair tied up into ponytails with red ribbons and flying out behind her like silk comet tails as she pursues the pià ±ata. She’s blindfolded, and her mouth is wide open, letting forth a burst of that high, little-girl laugh that sounds like joy itself, because she’s just made solid contact with the stick and she’s sure that she has released candy, and toys, and noisemakers for all the children. What she has, in fact, done, has solidly smacked her uncle Octavio in the cojones. Uncle Octavio is caught in a magic moment of transition, his face changing from joy to surprise to pain, all at once. Lena is still adorable and sweet and unsullied by the disaster she has wrought. Feliz Navidad! Molly Michon It’s Christmas morning, post-present-opening storm. Tissue paper and ribbon are strewn around the floor, and off to one side you can see a coffee table, and on it an ashtray the size of a hubcap overflowing with butts, and an empty bottle of Jim Beam. Front and center is six-year-old Molly Achevski (she would change her last name to Michon at nineteen on the advice of an agent â€Å"because it sounds fucking French, people love that†). Molly is wearing a red sequined ballerina outfit, red galoshes that hit her bare legs about midcalf, and a giant, cheeky grin with a hole in the middle where her front teeth used to be. She has one foot propped up on a large Tonka dump truck as if she has just conquered it in a grudge match, and her younger brother Mike, four, is trying to pry the truck out from under her. Tears are streaming down his cheeks. Molly’s other brother, Tony, five, is looking up to his sister like she is the princess of all things good. She has already poured him a bowl of Lucky Charms this morning, as she does for both her brothers every morning. In the background, we see a woman in a bathrobe lying on the couch, one hand hanging to the floor holding a cigarette that has burned itself out hours before. The silvery ash has left a streak on the carpet. No one has any idea who took this picture. Dale Pearson This one was taken only a few years ago, when Dale was still married to Lena. It’s the Caribou Lodge Christmas party, and Dale is, once again, dressed as Santa, sitting on a makeshift throne. He is surrounded by drunken revelers, all laughing, all holding the various joke gifts that Dale has passed out to them earlier that night. Dale is brandishing his own present, a fourteen-inch-long rubber penis, as big around as a soup can. He’s waving it at Lena with a leer, and she, dressed in a black cocktail dress and a single string of pearls, looks quite horrified at what he’s saying, which is: â€Å"We’ll put this rascal to good use later tonight, huh, baby?† The irony of it is that later that night, he will don one of his vintage German SS uniforms – everything but the jodhpurs, anyway – and what he asks Lena to do with his new present is exactly what she told him he could do with it at the party. She will never know if it was she who gave him the idea, but it will be a milestone in her move toward divorce proceedings. Theophilus Crowe At thirteen, Theo Crowe is already six feet four inches tall, and weighs a little over a hundred pounds. It is a classic scene of the three kings following the star. The seventh-grade music class is performing Amahl and the Night Visitors. Originally cast as one of the three kings, Theo is now dressed as a camel. His ears are the only parts of his body that are in proportion, and he looks very much like a camel fashioned out of wire by Salvador Dal. His chance to play Balthazar, the Ethiopian king, was lost when he announced that the Magi had arrived bearing gold, Frankenstein, and myrrh. Later, he, the two other camels, and a sheep will be suspended for smoking the myrrh. (They would have never been caught had the sheep not suggested that they play a quick game of â€Å"Kill the Man with the Baby Jesus† out behind the theater. Evidently the myrrh was â€Å"prime smokage.†) Gabe Fenton This one was taken just last year, at the lighthouse where Gabe has his cabin. You can see the lighthouse in the background, and windblown whitecaps out to sea. You can tell it’s a windy day because the Santa hat that Gabe is wearing is streaming out to the side, and he’s holding the reindeer antlers on Skinner’s head. Crouched next to them, in a thousand-dollar St. John knit, red and cut in the style of a Napoleonic soldier, with brass buttons and gold braid on the shoulders, is Dr. Valerie Riordan. Her auburn hair is styled to curl behind her ears and accentuate her diamond hoop earrings. She’s done up in Headline News Prompter Puppet makeup, as if her face has been completely sanded off, and then painted back on by a crack team of special-effects people – brighter, better, faster than a real human face. She’s trying, really trying, to smile for the camera. She is holding her hair in one hand, and appears to be petting Skinner, but is, up on closer examination, holding him at bay. A racing stripe across the knee of her nylons betrays an earlier attempt by Skinner to share a holiday leg hump with the Food Guy’s female. Gabe is scruffy in khakis and hiking boots. There’s a fine coating of sand on his pants and boots from where he was sitting astride elephant seals that morning, gluing satellite-tracking devices on their backs. He has a great, hopeful smile, and not a clue that anything might be wrong with this picture. Roberto T. Fruitbat This picture was taken on the island of Guam, Roberto’s birthplace. There are palm trees in the foreground. You can tell he’s just a young fellow, because he has not yet acquired a pair of Ray-Bans, nor a master to bring him mangoes on demand. He’s curled up in a Christmas wreath made from palm fronds and decorated with little papayas and red palm nuts. He is licking papaya pulp from his little doggy face. The children who found him in the wreath that Christmas morning are posed on either side of the door where the wreath hangs. They are both girls, and have the long curly brown hair of their Chamorro mother, the green eyes of their Irish-Catholic father, who is an American airman. Father is taking the picture. The girls are in bright, floral mission dresses with puffy sleeves. Later, after church, they will try to coax Roberto into a box so they can later cook him and serve him with saimen noodles. Although he escapes, the incident traumatizes the young bat and he does not speak for years. Chapter 14 THE CAMARADERIE OF THE LONESOME CHRISTMAS Theo wore his cop shirt to the Lonesome Christmas party. Not because he didn’t have anything else to wear, because there were still two clean flannels and a Phish sweatshirt in the Volvo that he’d snagged from the cabin, but because with the storm pounding the stuffing out of Pine Cove, he felt as if he should be doing cop stuff. His cop shirt had epaulets on the shoulders (that are used for, uh, holding your paulets – no – for keeping your hat under – for your parrot to stand on – no) that looked cool and military, plus it had a little slot in the pocket where he could pin his badge and another one where he could stick a pen, which could be really handy in a storm in case you wanted to take notes or something, like: 7 p.m, Still Really Fucking Windy â€Å"Wow, it’s really fucking windy,† Theo said. It was 7 p.m. Theo stood in the corner of the main room of the Santa Rosa Chapel next to Gabe Fenton, who was wearing one of his science shirts: a khaki canvas utility shirt with many pockets, slots, buttons, pouches, epaulets, zippers, Velcro loops, snaps, and vents, so you could hopelessly lose everything you owned in it and essentially sand your nipples off while patting the pockets and saying, â€Å"I know I had it here somewhere.† â€Å"Yep,† Gabe said. â€Å"It was gusting to a hundred and twenty when I left the lighthouse » â€Å"You’re kidding! A hundred and twenty miles per hour? We’re all going to die,† Theo said, feeling suddenly better. â€Å"Kilometers per hour,† Gabe said. â€Å"Stand in front of me. She’s looking.† He snagged Theo by the epaulet (aha!) and pulled him around to block the view from the other side of the room. Across the open hardwood floor, Valerie Riordan, in charcoal Armani over red Ferragamos, was sipping a cranberry and soda from a plastic cup. â€Å"Why’s she here?† Gabe whispered. â€Å"Didn’t she get a better offer from some country club or some business guy or something?† Gabe said the word business like it was a putrid taste that he needed to spit out before it sickened him, which was exactly how he meant it. Although Gabe did not live in an ivory tower, he did live next to one, and it gave him a skewed perspective on commerce. â€Å"Your eye is twitching really badly, Gabe Are you okay?† â€Å"I think it’s conditioning from the electrodes. She looks so great, don’t you think?† Theo looked over at Gabe’s ex-girlfriend, considered the heels, the stockings, the makeup, the hair, the lines of her suit, her nose, her hips, and felt like he was looking at a sports car that he could not afford, would not know how to drive, and he could only envision himself entangled in the wreckage of, wrapped around a telephone pole. â€Å"Her lipstick matches her shoes,† Theo said, by way of not really answering his friend. That sort of thing didn’t happen in Pine Cove. Well, Molly did have some black lipstick that matched a pair of black boots she had, which she wore with nothing else, but he really didn’t want to think about that. In fact, this moment would only have any meaning at all when he shared it with Molly, which he realized he wasn’t going to be doing, which made him jealous of Gabe’s twitch for a second. The double doors to the chapel opened, and wind whipped through the room, rattling the few strands of crepe paper that still clung to the wall to this point and knocking a couple of ornaments off the giant Christmas tree. Tucker Case came in, his bomber jacket dripping, a little furry face sticking out through the V in the zipper in the front. â€Å"No dogs,† said Mavis Sand, who was fighting to get the doors shut. â€Å"We’ve just let kids come the last couple of years, and I’m not happy about it.† Tuck grabbed the other door and pulled it shut, then reached over Mavis and caught the door she was battling. â€Å"He’s not a dog.† Mavis turned around and looked right into the face of Roberto, who made a little barking sound. â€Å"That’s a dog. Not much of a goddamn dog, I’ll give you that, but a dog. And he’s wearing sunglasses.† â€Å"So?† â€Å"It’s dark, moron. Get rid of the dog.† â€Å"He’s not a dog,† Tuck said, and to illustrate his point, he unzipped his jacket, took Roberto by the feet, and flung him at the ceiling. The bat yelped, opened his leathery wings, and flew to the top of the Christmas tree, where he caught the star, swung halfway around, and settled, upside down, hanging there above the room, looking, despite his cheery nature and hot pink sunglasses, a little creepy. Everyone in the place, thirty or so people, stopped whatever they were doing and looked. Lena Marquez, who had been cutting lasagna into squares over at the buffet table, looked up, made brief eye contact with Tuck, then looked away. Except for the boom box playing reggae Christmas carols and the wind and rain thrashing outside, there was not a sound. â€Å"What?† Tuck said to everyone and no one in particular. â€Å"You people act like you’ve never seen a bat before.† â€Å"Looked like a dog,† Mavis said from behind him. â€Å"You don’t have a no-bat policy, then?† Tuck said, not turning around. â€Å"Don’t think so. You got a great ass, flyboy, you know that?† â€Å"Yeah, it’s a curse,† Tuck said. He eyed the ceiling for any mistletoe he might get trapped under, spotted Theo and Gabe, then made a beeline for the corner where they were hiding. â€Å"Oh my God,† said Tuck as he was approaching. â€Å"Did you guys see Lena? She’s so hot. Don’t you think she’s hot? I miss her.† â€Å"Oh God, not you, too,† Theo said. â€Å"That Santa hat, it does something to me.† â€Å"That a Pteropus tokudae?† asked Gabe, peeking out quickly from behind Theo and nodding toward the Christmas tree with the bat. â€Å"No, that’s Roberto. Why are you hiding behind the constable?† â€Å"My ex is here.† Tuck looked over. â€Å"The redhead in the suit?† Gabe nodded. Tuck looked at him, back at Val Riordan, who was now chatting with Lena Marquez, then again at Gabe. â€Å"Whoa, you were really crawling out of your gene pool, huh? Let me shake your hand.† He reached around Theo, offering his hand to the biologist. â€Å"We don’t like you, you know?† Theo said. â€Å"Really?† Tuck took his hand back. He looked around Theo at Gabe. â€Å"Really?† â€Å"You’re okay,† said Gabe. â€Å"He’s just cranky.† â€Å"I am not cranky,† Theo said, but, in fact, he was a little cranky. A little sad. A little stoned. A little out of sorts that this storm hadn’t just blown over like he’d hoped, and a little excited that it might actually turn into a disaster. Secretly, Theophilus Crowe loved a disaster. â€Å"Understandable,† Tuck said, squeezing Theo’s shoulder. â€Å"Your wife was a biscuit.† â€Å"Is a biscuit,† corrected Theo, but then, â€Å"Hey!† â€Å"No, it’s okay,† Tuck said. â€Å"You were a lucky man.† Gabe Fenton reached up and squeezed Theo’s other shoulder. â€Å"It’s true,† Gabe said. â€Å"When Molly isn’t completely off her rocker, she is a biscuit. Actually, even when she is –  » â€Å"Would you guys quit calling my wife a biscuit! I don’t even know what that means.† â€Å"Something we say in the islands,† Tuck said. â€Å"What I’m saying is, you’ve got nothing to be ashamed of. You guys had a good run. You can’t expect her to lose her sense of judgment forever. You know, Theo, every now and then Eraserhead will hook up with Tinker Bell, or Sling Blade Carl will marry Lara Croft – that sort of thing gives us hope – but you can’t count on it. You can’t bet that way. Why, guys like us would always be alone if some women didn’t have a deep-seated streak of self-destruction, isn’t that right, Professor?† â€Å"Truth,† said Gabe. He made a sort of swear-on-the-Bible gesture. Theo glared at him. â€Å"Eventually a woman will wise up,† Tuck continued. â€Å"She’s just gone off her meds.† â€Å"Whatever,† Tuck said. â€Å"I’m just saying that it’s Christmas and you should be grateful that you were ever able to fool someone into loving you in the first place.† â€Å"I’m calling her,† Theo said. He pulled his cell phone from the pocket of his cop shirt and keyed the button for his home number. â€Å"Is Val wearing the pearl earrings?† Gabe asked. â€Å"I bought her those.† â€Å"Diamonds studs,† said Tuck, checking over his shoulder. â€Å"Dammit.† â€Å"Look at Lena in that Santa hat. That woman has a talent with tinsel, if you know what I mean?† â€Å"No idea,† said Gabe. â€Å"Me either. It just sounded kinky,† said Tuck. Theo snapped the cell phone shut. â€Å"I hate both you guys.† â€Å"Do not,† said Tuck. â€Å"No service?† asked Gabe. â€Å"I’m going to see if the police radio in my car is working.† Rain was pooling in the graveyard behind the chapel as the dead pulled one another from the muck. â€Å"This looked easier in the movies,† said Jimmy Antalvo, who was waist-deep in a puddle and being pulled out by Marty in the Morning and the new guy in the red suit. Jimmy’s words were a little slurred and slurpy, between the mud and a facial structure that was mostly mortician’s wax and wire. â€Å"I thought I’d never get out of that coffin.† â€Å"Kid, you’re better off than a couple we’ve pulled out,† said Marty in the Morning. He nodded to a very feeble and mostly decomposed pile of animated meat that had at one time been an electrician. The mushy thing made a moaning sound. â€Å"Who’s that?† asked Jimmy. The torrential rain had washed the mud out of his eyes. â€Å"That’s Alvin,† said Marty. â€Å"All we can understand from him.† â€Å"I used to talk to him all the time,† said Jimmy. â€Å"It’s different now,† said the guy in the red suit. â€Å"Now you’re really talking, not just thinking it. His talking equipment is past warranty.† Marty, who had been portly in life but had slimmed down significantly since his death, bent down and got a good grip on Jimmy’s arm, bending the elbow around his own, then made a great straining lift to pull the kid out. There was a loud pop and Marty went over backward into the mud. Jimmy Antalvo was waving around an empty leather jacket sleeve and yelling, â€Å"My arm! My arm!† â€Å"Jeez, they should have sewn that on better,† said Marty, holding the arm in the air, even as the hand appeared to be doing a very jerky version of a parade wave. â€Å"This whole undead rigmarole is disgusting,† said Esther, the schoolteacher, who was standing to the side with a few others who had already been dug up. Water was pouring off the shreds of her best church dress, which had been reduced by time to calico tatters. â€Å"I’ll not have anything to do with it.† â€Å"So you’re not hungry?† said the new guy, muddy rainwater streaming out of his Santa beard. He’d been the first one out, since he hadn’t had to escape a coffin. â€Å"Fine, once we get the kid out we’ll just push you back down your hole.† â€Å"I’m not saying that,† said Esther. â€Å"I would enjoy a snack. Something light. Mavis Sand, maybe. That woman can’t have enough brains to spread on a cracker.† â€Å"Then shut up and help us get everyone out.† Nearby, Malcolm Cowley was staring disapprovingly at one of the less articulate members of the undead who had been pulled from his grave and was showing lots of bare bone between the meat. The dead book dealer was wringing out his tweed jacket and shaking his head at every comment. â€Å"Suddenly we are all gluttons, are we? Well, I have always enjoyed Danish Modern furniture for its functional yet elegant design, so once we have consumed the brains of these revelers, I feel compelled to seek out one of these furniture boutiques I have heard so much about from newlyweds in the chapel. First we feast, then IKEA.† â€Å"IKEA,† chanted the dead. â€Å"First we feast, then IKEA. First we feast, then IKEA.† â€Å"Can I eat the constable’s wife’s brain?† asked Arthur Tannbeau. â€Å"She sounds like she’ll be spicy –  » â€Å"Get everyone out of the ground, then we eat,† said the new guy, who was used to telling people what to do. â€Å"Who died and made you boss?† asked Bess Leander. â€Å"All of you,† answered Dale Pearson. â€Å"The man has a point,† said Marty in the Morning. â€Å"I think while you boys finish up here, I’ll have a stroll around the parking lot. Oh my, I don’t seem to be walking very well,† said Esther, dragging one foot behind her and plowing a furrow in the mud as she moved. â€Å"But IKEA does sound like a delightful after-supper adventure.† No one knows why, but second only to eating the brains of the living, the dead love affordable prefab furniture. Across the parking lot, Theophilus Crowe was busy having the water in his ears replaced with dog spit. â€Å"Get down, Skinner.† Theo pushed the big dog away and keyed the mike on the police radio. He had been adjusting the squelch and the gain, and getting little more than distant disembodied voices, just a word here or there in the static. The rain on the car was so loud that Theo put his head down by the dash to better hear the little speaker, and Skinner, of course, took this as an invitation to lick more rain out of Theo’s ears. â€Å"Ack! Skinner.† Theo grabbed the dog muzzle and steered it between the seats. It wasn’t the dampness, or even the dog breath, which was considerable, it was the noise. It was just too loud. Theo dug into the console between the seats and found half a Slim Jim in a folded over wrapper. Skinner inhaled the tiny meat stick and savored the greasy goodness by smacking his chops right next to Theo’s ear. Theo snapped the radio off. One of the problems with living in Pine Cove, with the ubiquitous Monterey pines, was that after a few years the Christmas trees stopped looking like Christmas trees and started looking like giant upturned dust mops, a great sail of needles and cones at the top of a long, slender trunk and a pancake root system – a tree especially adapted to fall over in high wind. So when El Nià ±o cruised up the coast and storms like this came in, first cell and cable TV repeater stations lost power, soon the town lost its main power, and finally, phone lines would go down, effectively cutting all communications. Theo had seen it before, and he didn’t like what it portended. Cypress Street would be underwater before dawn and people would be kayaking through the real-estate offices and art galleries by noon. Something hit the car. Theo turned on the headlights, but the rain was coming down so hard and the windows were so fogged with dog breath that he could see nothing. He assumed it was a small tree branch. Skinner barked, deafeningly loud in the enclosed space. He could go patrolling downtown, but with Mavis having closed the Slug for Christmas Eve, he couldn’t imagine why anyone would be down there. Go home? Check on Molly? Actually, she was better equipped with her little four-wheel-drive Honda to drive in this mess, and she was smart enough to stay home in the first place. He was trying not to take it personally that she hadn’t come to the party. Trying not to take to heart the pilot’s words about not being worthy of a woman like her. He looked down, and there, cradled in bubble wrap in the console, was the art-glass bong. Theo picked it up, looked it over, then pulled a film can of sticky green buds from his cop-shirt pocket and began loading the pipe. Theo was briefly blinded by the spark of the disposable lighter, at the same time as something scraped against the car. Skinner jumped over into the front seat and barked at the window, his hefty tail beating against Theo’s face. â€Å"Down, boy. Down,† Theo said, but the big dog was now digging at the vinyl panel on the door. Knowing that it meant that he’d have to deal with a lot of wet dog later, but feeling that he really needed to get a buzz on in peace, Theo reached over and threw open the passenger door. Skinner bounded out the door. The wind slammed it behind him. There was a commotion outside, but Theo could see nothing, and he figured that Skinner was just frisking in the mud. The constable lit the bong and lost himself in the scuba bubbles of sweet comforting smoke. Outside the car, not ten feet away, Skinner was gleefully tearing the head off an undead schoolteacher. Her arms and legs were flailing and her mouth was moving, but the retriever had already bitten through the better part of her decayed throat and was shaking her head back and forth in his jaws. A skilled lip-reader would have been able to tell you that Esther was saying: â€Å"I was only going to eat a little of his brain. This is entirely uncalled for, young man.† I am so going to get bad-dogged for this, Skinner thought. Theo stepped out of the car into an ankle-deep puddle. Despite the cold, the wind, the rain, and the mud that had squished over the edge of his hiking boots, Theo sighed, for he was sorely, wistfully stoned, and slipping into that comfortable place where everything, including the rain, was his fault and he’d just have to live with it. Not a maudlin self-pity that might have come from Irish whiskey, nor an angry tequila blame, nor a jittery speed paranoia, just a little melancholy self-loathing and the realization of what a total loser he was. â€Å"Skinner. Get over here. Come on,boy, back in the car. Theo could barely see Skinner, but the big dog was on his back rolling in something that looked like a pile of wet, muddy laundry – sort of snaking back and forth with his mouth open and his pink tongue whipping around in ecstatic dogasm. Probably a dead raccoon, Theo thought, trying to blink some rain out of his eyes. I’ve never been that happy. I will never be that happy. He left the dog to his joy and slogged back into the Lonesome Christmas. He thought he felt a hand across his neck as he wrestled his way through the double doors, then a loud moan when the doors slammed shut, but it was probably just the wind. It didn’t feel like the wind. Had to be the wind. How to cite The Stupidest Angel Chapter 12~14, Essay examples

Juvenile justice free essay sample

In the United States we have two parallel systems that deal with individuals that commit crimes and or offenses against society. First we have the criminal justice system, a court which deals with adults who commit various crimes. Secondly, we have the juvenile justice system, a court designed especially for minors and is generally thought to help rehabilitate the offender. The salient difference between these two systems, as Mitcheal Ritter puts it, â€Å"is the use of distinct terminology to refer to their similar procedures. State and federal legislatures intended this terminological variation to avoid stigmatizing children as criminals and to dissociate the juvenile system from the criminal justice system† (Ritter 2010, 222). The major issue I intend to look at it is whether or not we should abolish the juvenile justice system. First, we will look at the position of keeping the current system, why it needs to stay in place, and why in the long run it is the most beneficial to the juvenile. We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile justice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Second, we will examine the research of Barry Feld, one of the most influential advocates on why it needs to be abolished because of the lack of constitutional rights that a juvenile does not receive while being tried under the Juvenile justice system. Thirdly, I will be looking at each party’s positions and critiquing it to see it what the strong and weak points are. Finally, I will present my own opinion on whether to keep it, abolish it, or create a whole new system altogether. To try a juvenile in adult court is by no means the right decision. In this section we will look at evidence and arguments on why the juvenile justice system should not be abolished. Juveniles are different from adults and therefore should not be allowed to stand trial in the criminal justice system. Children are not well enough developed mentally, as compared to an adult, to be tried in the adult correctional system. This is why many people take the stance, â€Å"no way should we get rid of the juvenile justice system. The â€Å"director of the states (Washington) Bureau of Juvenile Detention Services is seeking to keep 16- and 17-year-old offenders out of the states criminal justice system† (McNeil 2008). To lock up a child in an adult correction facility is by no means the right idea even if they are â€Å"separate† from the adults. If a juvenile commits an â€Å"adult crime† like robbery, theft or in most cases drug crimes, a quick fix is to incarcerate that individual in an adult prison to punish him and protect society. While this may work for adults, it is inappropriate for a youth. Advocates argue that we must keep the juvenile justice system because â€Å"many studies also have found that significantly harsher punishments are meted out to juveniles in adult court when compared with juveniles in juvenile court, particularly for serious or violent offenses† (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 727). Sending a juvenile to adult court at such a young age can be problematic for the child, because the court wants to be strict with the child by showing them that their behavior will not be tolerated and because in adult court the child will miss out on educational and rehabilitative programs more readily available in juvenile detention facilities. Kurlycheck and Johnson argue that â€Å"Juvenile courts are characterized by disposition options that fundamentally differ from adult courts in their symbolic meaning, punitive and treatment alternatives, and punishment goals† (2010). In a study in Pennsylvania, Kurlycheck and Johnson compared a sample of juveniles tried in juvenile court with juveniles who were transferred to adult court and showed that the adult courts were harsher on the juvenile: â€Å"On average, their sentences were 80 percent more severe than for their young adult counterparts† (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 729). Juveniles should not be allowed to be tried in adult court because studies have shown that many â€Å"juveniles function at levels similar to disabled adults who lack competence; not because of diagnosable mental health problems, but because of developmental immaturity† (Katner 2006, 507). The theory that sentencing a youth to an adult prison will reduce recidivism and hope that the experience will â€Å"scare him straight,† is invalid. Research shows that â€Å"experiences with adult jails and prisons show that those facilities may instill fear but are otherwise emotionally—and often physically—dangerous for youth† (Butler 2011, 114). Finally, Frank Zimring argued that â€Å"young law violators are less culpable, and thus deserve less punishment—no matter what kind of court might try and sentence them† (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 729). Kurlycheck and Johnson also confirm what Katner is saying by explaining that â€Å"adolescents are at psychosocial disadvantages in terms of responsibility, peer influence, temperance, and perspective; they are less able to foresee future consequences of their actions† (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 729). Youths in the detention system have an average IQ of 85, as compared to the national average of 100, and about 60% â€Å"in detention meet the criteria for at least one mental disorder† (Butler 2011, 111). Research by Howard N. Snyder, Ph. D. , director of Systems Research at the National Center of Juvenile Justice, shows that â€Å" 68% of committed males were diagnosed with a mental health disorder, and research indicates that the percentage is greater for females in commitment facilities, 50% of committed males had a substance abuse diagnosis† (Katner 2006, 509). If a youth has a mental illness â€Å"then it is our responsibility to address those needs. A state has no right to refuse adjudicated juveniles. It is the juvenile justice system’s legal and ethical responsibility to admit them, and make provisions for their safe and secure care and treatment† (Smith 2012). The American Public Health Association found in their Cox proportional hazard study â€Å"that better mental health services reduced the risk of initial and subsequent juvenile justice involvement by 31%† (Foster, Qaseem, and Connor, 2004) and had stronger results with more serious offenders. Their findings said that â€Å"improved mental health services reduced the risk of juvenile justice involvement† (Foster, Qaseem, and Connor, 2004). â€Å"We must remember that the juvenile justice system is meant to reduce recidivism, help the individual with their struggles, and integrate them back into the community. â€Å"When a juvenile offender is reintegrated into the community after a year being counseled, treated, and taught, the community is safer than it would be if that same delinquent youth were incarcerated for five years and released with no preparation to respect himself and society and to avoid repeating the same behavior. In Missouri, for example, only 8 percent of juvenile delinquents return to the justice system within three years; the national average is over 50 percent† (House 2010). â€Å"Decreasing recidivism has both immediate and long-term benefits. It has been estimated that juveniles who become adult offenders cost society between $1. 5 and $1. 8 million each† (Macomber, Skiba, Blackmon, Esposito, Hart, Mambrino, Richie, Grigorenko 2010, 224). Therefore, successful education is one of the most important tools that a juvenile can have while locked up. According to the Journal of Correctional Education, quality education and successful employment â€Å"is viewed, unequivocally, as the most powerful tool in recidivism reduction, rehabilitation of juvenile delinquent [†¦]into a socially productive, healthy, and happy adult† (Macomber, Skiba, Blackmon, Esposito, Hart, Mambrino, Richie, Grigorenko 2010, 225). However, the article does note that the level of education that is delivered to juveniles while incarcerated is nationally recognized as being far from as effective as it should be. Society wants our youths to succeed, be successful, and be normal members of society. That is why many advocates believe in keeping them out of the criminal justice system because they want to help bring these individuals back into society. Advocates for this system believe that juvenile justice systems are the best because once a juvenile is locked up in an adult correctional system, that individual â€Å"will have a criminal record that follows them for life, which would not be the case if they had been tried in family court† (McNeil 2008). Once a child is labeled as a criminal in society (labeling theory,) not only will it be hard for him to apply for a job with his adult criminal record, he will also carry the label of â€Å"criminal† over his head while back in society. In this section we will be looking at why it is a good idea to abolish the juvenile justice system. Barry Feld is one of the major advocates for abolishing the juvenile justice system. He believes the system should be thrown out because juveniles are frequently not afforded their constitutional rights in juvenile court. Barry Feld, a law professor from the U of M and an expert on the juvenile justice system, says the juvenile justice system needs to be abolished. He claims that â€Å"within the past three decades, judicial decisions, legislative amendments, and administrative changes have transformed the juvenile court from a nominally rehabilitative social welfare agency into a scaled-down, second-class criminal court for young people. These reforms have converted the historical ideal of the juvenile court as a social welfare institution into a penal system that provides young offenders with neither therapy nor justice† (Feld 1997, 68). In light of these failures, Feld is proposing that the juvenile court be integrated into the traditional criminal court system. Feld talks about how the juvenile justice system lacks constitutional rights for youth offenders. Several important Supreme Court decisions help change and shape the â€Å"criminalization† of the juvenile court. In the case of In Re Winship,â€Å"the court required states to prove juvenile delinquency by criminal law’s standard of proof beyond a reasonable doubt† (Feld 1997, 73). In the U. S. Supreme court case of In Re Gault, the court said that juveniles accused of crimes must be afforded many of the same rights that adults get. These rights would be the 5th amendment of right against self-incrimination, the 6th amendment right to confront witnesses, the right to timely notification of the charges and the right to be represented by an attorney. Even though the Supreme Court ruled this way, Feld says that â€Å"lawyers seldom appeared in juvenile courts† and when the juvenile was on trial the â€Å"judges did not advise juveniles of their rights† and did not appoint counsel (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 330). Feld cites two associations, the American Bar Association and American Children at risk, that reported that many youths in the juvenile justice system were not represented by counsel and of the lawyers who represented juvenile â€Å"lacked adequate training and failed to provide competent representation† (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 330). If this would happen in the criminal justice system, the case would risk dismissal or being overturned on appeal. Even if a juvenile does have a defense lawyer, many attorneys seldom if ever appeal the decision of the juvenile court judge. Judges are continuing to allow juvenile rights continue to be trampled upon by allowing juveniles to waive their right to an attorney without allowing them to consult with one of their parents or an attorney. Feld and Schaefer say that â€Å"in most states, judges gauge juveniles’ waivers of rights by assessing whether they were â€Å"knowing, intelligent, and voluntary† under the â€Å"totality of the circumstances† test. They rejected special procedures for youths and endorsed the adult standard to evaluate juveniles’ waivers of Miranda rights. † When a juvenile is arrested or brought into custody, he should not be allowed to talk to anyone unless his parent or lawyer is present. Feld wants both the criminal and juvenile system to be combined into one in hopes to reduce many constitutional violations, such as a juvenile waving his right to Miranda warnings. He says that many juveniles do not understand a Miranda warning or counsel advisory well enough to make a valid waiver† (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 331). This is a major risk for first time offenders because they may not know what they are agreeing to. Juveniles who have gone through the system before may start to get a grasp on the concept of Miranda about as well as adults but â€Å"substantial minorities of both groups failed to grasp at least some elements of the warning† (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 331). To help reduce these constitutional violations, Feld believes that state courts should â€Å"adopt sentencing guidelines for juveniles, which now exist only in adult courts† (Furst 1991). Feld believes that many sentences are based on â€Å"where the juvenile lived than the crime† (Furst, 1991). In Feld’s study, â€Å"urban criminals face stiffer penalty,† he found that â€Å"urban juveniles receive harsher sentences for the same crimes than their rural and suburban counterparts† (Furst 1991). Felt said that urban courts detained youths that were charged with felonies around ? the time; â€Å"rural counties detained them one-tenth of the time and suburban counties one-thirteenth† (Furst 1991). Feld says that â€Å"no reasons exist to believe that rural youths are more competent than urban juveniles to waive legal rights, but rural judges appoint attorneys far less often than do their more formal, urban counterparts† (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 332). Feld says that juveniles are very immature and lack a lot of experience. They require the assistance of counsel to understand legal proceedings, to prepare and present a defense, to negotiate guilty pleas, and to ensure fair adjudications (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 350). How is it fair that adults can have lawyers present at their trial and not juveniles? He says that increased efforts to have lawyers present at juveniles trials have remained the same. Feld says that with his data from 1994 and 1999 have predicted the outcome for youths to receive attorneys present at trial. The data is quite surprising that â€Å"youths convicted of felony and status offenses show a decrease in odds of representation, whereas youths convicted of misdemeanor offenses show an increase in the odds of having an attorney† (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 349). One of the most important rights we have in our judicial system is the right to a jury trial. However, Feld argues is that while the right to a jury trial â€Å"is a crucial procedural safeguard when states punish offenders, the vast majority of jurisdictions uncritically follow McKeivers lead and deny juveniles access to juries â€Å" (Feld 1997, 87). When judges and juries apply Winship, the reasonable doubt standard, differently, it allows them to convict youths more easily in juvenile court than in adult criminal court with the same evidence. Feld say that the constitution as well as state juvenile statutes allow delinquents to have formal trials with attorneys present. But in reality the actual quality of representation that the juvenile receives is far from optimum. One of his reasons for abolishing the juvenile justice system is because â€Å"the criminalization of juvenile courts, most states provide neither special procedures to protect youths from their own immaturity nor the full panoply of adult procedural safeguards. Instead, states treat juveniles just like adult criminal defendants when treating them equally places youth at a practical disadvantage† (Feld 1997, 87). Feld argues that some scholars believe that rehabilitative juvenile court or a juvenile version of a criminal court â€Å"simply will not work as their supporters intend† (Crawford 2001). Because of this, Felt proposes that an integrated criminal court would be a better solution. He believes this model is the best because â€Å"society recognizes youths as being less mature and more susceptible to peer influence† (Crawford 2001) so the court could offer what he calls â€Å"youth discounts† for sentencing. This would take into consideration the youth’s age and apply it towards his crime. In his model he is not talking about crime reduction, â€Å"remove what he considers to be the drama of waivers to adult courts† (Crawford 2001). Feld claims it will remove double talk and hypocrisy because justice officials claim rehabilitation as their goal when the reality of their actions is coercion and punishment† (Crawford 2001). As long as the youth discount is integrated into the criminal court system, it can provide youth offenders with better legal protection, ensure they are granted the same constitutional rights that adults get, and most importantly, that juveniles would receive humane consequences from judges. Feld agrees that youths do deserve shorter sentences compared to adults when being tried for â€Å"comparable crimes. † However, there does not need to be separate courts for this. Feld says that the juvenile court system will not survive because it represents a â€Å"temporary way-station on the road to substantive and procedural convergence with the criminal court† (Feld 1997, 132). For both of these court systems to work, Feld says there must be an â€Å"integrated criminal justice that formally recognizes adolescent as a development continuum may effectively address many of the problems created by our binary conceptions of youth and social control† (Feld 1997, 132). Advocates for the juvenile justice system believe that juveniles should have their own court system. In order for the juveniles to be properly protected, educated and rehabilitated, there cannot be two systems. Many juveniles are not sufficiently mentally developed to stand trial in the adult court system. Recall that The American Public Health Association said that â€Å"better mental health services reduced the risk of initial and subsequent juvenile justice involvement by 31%† (Foster, Qaseem, and Connor, 2004). Once the juvenile entered the detention center  and was given appropriate care and treatment, the risk of juvenile justice involvement in the future was reduced. Many advocates argue that we must keep the juvenile justice system because â€Å"many studies †¦ have found that significantly harsher punishments are meted out to juveniles in adult court when compared with juveniles in juvenile court, particularly for serious or violent offenses† (Kurlycheck and Johnson 2010, 727). The study said that of the juveniles tried in adult court, about 80% received harsher punishments compared to their youth counterparts. In order for us to have fair trial systems we cannot try youth with the same standards of adult. Advocates also believe that a juvenile should not be locked up in any adult facility because it would set the child up for more harm from stronger and more powerful adults. Research has shown that â€Å"experiences with adult jails and prisons show that those facilities may instill fear but are otherwise emotionally—and often physically—dangerous for youth† (Butler 2011, 114). I do not see any advantage to put a juvenile in the same cell or facility of another adult. The juvenile justice system is meant to rehabilitate the offender, not make him worse. We want the child to come out better than when he went in. In the adult court the minor would leave with a criminal record which could negatively affect his chances at getting a job once released. In juvenile court their record is usually protected. I do agree with what Feld says about having a juvenile be granted his constitutional right to an attorney, jury trial and correct understanding to Miranda warnings. He makes a big case about how juveniles are rarely granted these rights. I strongly agree with Feld’s statement regarding this. Many of these youth are waving their right to an attorney without the knowledge of what the consequences might be. Because some judges are allowing this to happen in the juvenile court, Feld make a convincing argument for these youth to be tried in an adult court. This may prevent any further constitutional violations. If an adult was treated this way, the case would have a high probability of being thrown out. If a juvenile is not granted these rights, there is no way he can expect a fair trial. Feld is correct that courts need to follow In Re Winship and In Re Gault. These are the rights granted to the juvenile, for a judge not to follow them would be unprofessional and most of all unconstitutional. Feld says that the juvenile court system will not survive because it represents a â€Å"temporary way-station on the road to substantive and procedural convergence with the criminal court† (Feld 1997, 132). I do not agree with this at all. In the juvenile justice system is designed help rehabilitate the offender, if the system is to work correctly; it will not be a temporary way-station. I do recognize that there are some fall backs to the system, but it needs to be run correctly. The idea of â€Å"youth discounts,† if implemented correctly could work. However judges might over abuse their power towards the juvenile. These youth discounts would be totally up to the discretion of the judge. This could pose a problematic issue for the youth if the judge does not follow the guidelines of â€Å"youth discounts. † If judges cannot follow constitutional guidelines of Winship and Gaulti do not believe they would be able to follow a rule of youth discounts. Feld has a good idea behind his youth discounts, however I do not believe judges would follow these rules. His last argument is that youths do deserve shorter sentences compared to adults when being tried for â€Å"comparable crimes. † If the juvenile system is abolished this concept would have to be enforce. I still see it being problematic for the child to serve time in an adult facility. We want to rehabilitate the child, not solely focus on punishing him or her. There is no telling how this system would be implemented. A judge could use this power to unfairly sentence certain youth to longer sentences the he deems necessary. As I have stated earlier, juveniles have different maturity and educational levels compared to adults. That is why many of these youths still need to be tried in a system where a judge is specialized in juvenile crimes. Author Position Now that we have had a chance to examine the arguments for and against abolishing the juvenile system, our issue is which side should we take and why? It is difficult to pick one side, and therefore I propose a hybrid version. Using strengths from both sides, I believe we can come to a conclusion that will be most beneficial for the juvenile, and our court system, and one that will meet constitutional standards. In order to accomplish all of this we will be looking at concepts, resources, and management. Applying all three of these criteria we will be able to see why the combination of them will result in the best outcome. We will be ending the juvenile system as it currently exists, but instead of getting rid of it all together, there will be some changes to the â€Å"adult system† to help incorporate these new guidelines. As I have stated multiple times above, our concept of the juvenile justice system is to rehabilitate the offender and get the child ready to be brought back into society again. If the juvenile justice is to work correctly it would give the juvenile the necessary skills to be brought back into society. Society accepts this concept because the juvenile is still young, and society is willing to give that individual another chance. Society believes this because the juvenile is put under the ‘obligation’ to grow himself/herself to be fitted to the perceived values of the society. If this is done successfully, the concept of rehabilitation has worked successfully Currently the juvenile justice system needs to be combined with parts of the adult system to work effectively. Mainly, the concept of having a fair trial is something all adults get in â€Å"adult court. † The juvenile justice system offers the minor educational and mental help through trained and effective services; something that the adult court rarely offers. It has also been stated that the juvenile dentation centers are better at offering rehabilitate skills through classes such as anger management which is essential to any delinquent wanting to enter society again. If the juvenile was just thrown into an adult correction facility, there is a slim chance that he would have access to the proper education that he would need. It is unlikely that the adult system has classes targeted for their needs. As I have stated earlier from the research, juveniles are far less mental and educationally developed compared to adults, that is why a system to house juveniles is still the best system. The adult system houses individuals from 18 on up. If the delinquent is rehabilitated in a facility with individuals his own age, this might provide a better learning environment. The adult system is more focused on punishing the individual for their crimes and second, to possibly rehabilitated the adult offender. In a juvenile dentation center, their main goal is to rehabilitate the offender, not solely punish them for their crimes. Therefore, the juvenile justice system must take into account the opportunity to grow as a good person without any kind of stigma attached. Part of their rehabilitative process might involve apologizing to the victim. This would result in no father threat to the victim, and help the offender to know the impact of his crime. The last concept is if the juvenile is to be properly rehabilitated he needs to be in a safe environment, one that is targeted for his age group and level of education. While in the detention center, he or she is given the chance to learn and be properly educated, a skill that he or she might not have received while in the â€Å"outside world. † Barry Feld makes a convincing argument for abolishing the juvenile justice system with his argument that it does not afford the juvenile his constitutional rights. He believes that in order to fix this issue, the juvenile justice system need to be abolished and merged with the adult system. We are using Feld’s idea to merge the system but not abolish the resources and many benefits that come with the juvenile justice system. We will be using not one system but a hybrid of both. We must think of it as a system that only exists on paper not in different court systems. To award trial by jury, Miranda warnings, and the right to counsel only to adults does not represent a fair and balanced justice system. Juveniles must have the same rights that adults are entitled to. If an adult was arrested, questioned by police, brought to court without legal representation and informed the judge of all these violations, the case and evidence would be thrown out. That is why when creating this hybrid system we are using Feld’s resource of the adult court to create a new justice system for juveniles to ensure they are awarded all the rights adults are. First and foremost, juveniles must be accorded their constitutional rights. Juveniles are by definition young, inexperienced, and not as mentally and emotionally developed as adults. Special protections must be given to them to insure that they are granted their rights. Judges are continuing to allow juveniles to waive their right to Miranda when many are not aware of what they are without a parent or legal advisor. Juveniles who have gone through the system before may start to get a grasp on the concept of Miranda about as well as adults but â€Å"substantial minorities of both groups failed to grasp at least some elements of the warning† (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 331). Even if a lawyer was appointed, they (the lawyer) â€Å"seldom appeared in juvenile courts† and when the juvenile was on trial the â€Å"judges did not advise juveniles of their rights† and did not appoint counsel (Feld and Schaefer 2010, 330). Feld makes a major point of In Re Winship and In Re Gault (discussed above) to prove that even though these are laws exists, many courts overlook or ignore them, ultimately denying juveniles their rights to a fair trial. Constitutional rights cannot be overlooked, which is why I believe Feld’s argument of abolishing the juvenile justice system as it stands has merit, and the advantages of the adult system must be incorporated, without the negative consequences to juveniles. I propose that no juvenile be allowed to waive his Miranda rights without first consulting with a court appointed attorney. I further propose that no juvenile be allowed to waive his right to attorney, as can be done in adult court. Every juvenile should be represented by an attorney throughout the case. I propose that the juvenile have the right to a trial by jury in all felony offenses. If the offense is a misdemeanor or gross misdemeanor, the juvenile would still be tried before the juvenile court judge. In both misdemeanor/gross misdemeanor and felony level offenses, however, the dispositional alternatives would be within the traditional juvenile court system. There would be no adult sentencing in any misdemeanor/gross misdemeanor offense, and no adult sentencing for felony level offenses without the juvenile being certified to stand trial as an adult. Without good dispositional alternatives, we will not be able to make our hybrid juvenile system work. I am using this hybrid system to represent all non-serious crimes. One of the most important systems that needs to be retained is the educational system. As discussed earlier, â€Å"successful education is one of the most important tools that a juvenile can have while locked up. † If this is eliminated any hope of rehabilitating the juvenile goes out the window. One of the main goals of the juvenile justice system if to reduce the recidivism rate and to rehabilitate the individual with the skills necessary to return them to society. This will require enhanced special education opportunities. Many of the juveniles who are incarcerated have an average IQ of 85, as compared to national average of 100. So, even if they did attend public school, one study put their â€Å"literacy skills [†¦] at least one standard deviation or two years behind† (Macomber, Skiba, Blackmon, Esposito, Hart, Mambrino, Richie, Grigorenko 2010, 225) their school mates in the same grade. To make sure this educational program will work, part of what I am proposing is that the court must require these individuals to participate. Math and reading are generally key important educational programs, but the detention facility also needs to offer other programs such as anger management, developing social skill, and educational classes on a variety of areas that the juvenile might lack. If the juvenile does not agree to these terms and conditions, they will be tried in adult court and sentenced to the adult correctional facility. It is not just education that many of these juveniles lack. Some 68% of committed males were diagnosed with some kind of mental health disorder, along with 50% of committed males having a substance abuse diagnosis. If these juveniles were put into the adult program, these issues might not ever be recognized or if they were, risk a high chance of never being treated. We need to provide adequate psychological support services to those who need them. If a youth has a mental illness â€Å"then it is our responsibility to address those needs. A state has no right to refuse adjudicated juveniles. It is the juvenile justice system’s legal and ethical responsibility to admit them, and make provisions for their safe and secure care and treatment† (Smith 2012). If these mental issues are treated right now versus in the future, it very well might drastically reduce the recidivism rate. It has been estimated that juveniles who become adult offenders cost society between $1. 5 and $1. 8 million each† (Macomber, Skiba, Blackmon, Esposito, Hart, Mambrino, Richie, Grigorenko 2010, 224). This will ultimately be a substantial saving to the taxpayers, free up the jail for serious offenders, and get juveniles the help that many of them desperately need. One of the last resources I am taking from the juvenile justice system to create our new â€Å"hybrid† system is the idea that the juvenile keeps his record sealed. We don’t want the juvenile to reenter society with a labeling affect over his head having him believe he is still a criminal. If his juvenile record is sealed, and the juvenile can apply for a job without putting his conviction down on his employment application, this will increase the odds of gaining employment and becoming rehabilitated. The job training and educational classes he can receive while incarcerated will enhance his opportunities for Juvenile Justice free essay sample Abstract This paper contains many articles containing information gathered from a psychological aspect and a criminal justice aspect. There are multiple ways that society has impacted our juveniles. The economy has also had an affect on the way our juveniles are raised, behave, and their personal outcomes that have had an impact on today’s society. The importance of communities banning together to help keep an eye on one another’s children can have a positive outcome on our youth. Psychological help kids in poverty need to improve their quality of life would prove to be beneficial. The use of psychological studies of reforms on juveniles and how they are affected by the treatment they have received. ? Juvenile Justice in Today’s Day and Age When people consider the word juvenile they jump straight to the conclusion of unfortunate immature children. They also think it is a child who is always in trouble. We will write a custom essay sample on Juvenile Justice or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This not always true in some cases it could just a youth or child who hasn’t had the chance to be themselves or has had bad home life or has been stuck in a bad situation. Such as poverty, bad economy, or poor social graces. Or even a youngster who has predisposition for psychological disorders. Has anyone ever thought if we all stuck together, helped one another, or even taken the time to sit and listen to our children we might actually know why our child have been acting the way they do. Our children are our future and we cannot always assume that it is entirely child’s fault they act out or behave the way they do. A meta-analysis of k=53 studies containing 60 with no overlapping samples and 10,073 participants was conducted to investigate whether psychopathy was associated with delinquency and recidivism in juveniles. â€Å"It was concluded that screening for the (early) detection of psychopathy is important as delinquent behavior and violent juvenile recidivism can be predicted from psychopathy as early as the transition from middle childhood to adolescence. † (Asscher, 2011) Some children have the predisposition of having psychological disorders. They have been abused as a child, either sexually, physically or even mentally. They could be being bullied and just act out because of it. They can have depression, social anxiety, or multi personality disorder. All of which can cause children to act very poorly in many situations or very well but, they will have limitations on how much they can tolerate before the behavior gets out of control. Studies have shown children with these disorders can be considered juvenile delinquents. This, in lame man terms means young law breakers, wrong doers, and trouble seeking youth. In reality it is true yet if the right treatment, care, or even help is given to the child a juvenile can grow to have a very successful life. The psychological process is hard to come up with if you don’t know what to do. If you contact a crisis hotline or counselor you might be able to get your child the help they need. It may just be a case of your child needs someone to talk to about life. Or it may be a case of child is being abused at home you never know until the child can have someone who they feel is not out to get them. Someone they can trust and tell their feelings to. If it is a case of neglect try and find an outreach program. Find afterschool activities they can participate in. Maybe even find a big brother or big sister program which would help the child feel like they are not being avoided or neglected at home. In 1986 I personally was hospitalized because of supposed mental illness. It was found I was suffering from boredom because lack of interest in anything everyone else was doing. I grew up in Chicago we were not in the best of neighborhoods. It was basically gang family than central. You were always afraid to leave the house because of the shooting that occurred every night. Speaking of the gangs the reason a lot of youths join gangs is because they are very accessible. They feel that a lot of the members are more like they are their own flesh and blood. The youngsters get more attention than at home even though it may be the wrong type of attention. They also feel like they have power and independence and can shy away from the authority figures in their lives. It is an escape from reality however grim it may be. Some have joined gangs because of poverty level in the house, abuse, neglect or even to avoid reality. Gang members generally don’t care who or what they have to do to be accepted in this world. They do as they please and whatever they please. What the younger population doesn’t realize this is where the get in the most trouble and get sometimes get the title of being juvenile delinquents. With the gangs crime rates go up, drug distribution and use is higher. You will have this wherever you go no matter how far away you seem to think you move away from it. It is a very difficult thing to watch your child or a friend’s child get caught up in. It will happen whether you want it to or not. It is happening more and more every day. This is where interventions need to come into play. Poverty has struck a lot of people today’s economy. There has been a decrease in jobs the job market and a decrease in income all together from companies downsizing, laying off employees. The lack of unemployment insurance has not help the federal government has made it harder on the companies to keep up with operations due to increase in taxes and layoffs. Even the working man or woman can hardly afford to work because so much of it is being taken in taxes or it is going towards fuel in their vehicles which is ridiculously high. This is making it hard for the families to care for their children properly. They can hardly afford the food on the table and put a roof over their heads. Let alone by clothes that are in style so the kids don’t get bullied at school. It also makes it hard for families to have time together due to a family having to work multiple jobs just to make ends meet. Also it is one of the leading causes of divorce and increase in juvenile crime rate. Bullying has gone on for years and poverty has as well. So the bullying will continue for the less fortunate unfortunately. Why is it the less fortunate get bullied, you may ask. It is because the higher income bracket families feel material items are ways to show it off and if someone isn’t like them they are not in the clique. Bullying is another reason boys are more susceptible. Some may just feel it is a way of life. If everyone else is doing it why can’t I. Unless their parent have instilled better morals and family values into their children. We can expect children to become more and more deviant to try and test the waters of the juvenile justice system. Some may want to learn right from wrong but others will just follow the path of others for the chance of fitting in. The children may be able to overcome these obstacles if they are in a higher economic standard. Yet, it is very difficult when you do not have the means or the background to do so. School, home, and up bringing has a lot to do with juvenile behavioral norms. It is like this all over the country no matter where you are you will find out the grass is not always greener on the other side. Society has painted an awful picture of what things should be important and what is not. The lower classes try to put emphasis on family first but are afraid to show that they are in need of help. Gender, class; race, ethnicity, and delinquency are all linked together in many ways. It affects crime rates because supposedly the middle class and higher up people dont do wrong in which crime rates are down in those specific areas. Yet, it is not because no matter what social class you are in the temptation of doing wrong is still there. There is always a person of any social, ethnical, racial background has the chance of becoming delinquent. Depending on whom they hang out with or the feeling of having to prove yourself, it does not matter who you are. Yes the lower class has more of a susceptible chance of becoming delinquent because of financial hardship, family hardship, or even emotional hardship, but there is always that chance of it hitting the middle class and upper-class too. Everyone has their own personal opinions that the lower class is all the problems of deviance. There is too much that can disprove this theory. If a middle or upper-class juvenile has been exposed to the gangs, and trouble in school or even if there is divorce in the family. The juvenile has the temptation to rebel and act out their behavior inappropriately. So where is the difference really except for the financial aspect? Ethnicity, they say more non-white juveniles are a lot more deviant than whites. This deviance is due to a cultural up bringing rather than color or race. If you were brought up to be a gangster or hang out with those who were social deviants it is your choice whether you want to follow that path or not. It is more of an emotional burden than anything else. When it comes to being socially normal all people should be seen as the same color and treated the same as everyone else. It is also said that males are more susceptible to be caught in deviant behavior. This could be true. Females tend to try to stay out of trouble and just date the mischievous ones. Females do not have the overwhelming sensation to prove themselves in troublesome way. Females usually are more concerned about popularity in school and their clothing they wear. The reason some females act out in a deviant way is because of social upbringing and their need to fit in and it is only as a last ditch effort to prove they are the best. Females usually act out in a sexual manner. The feeling of conformity to society is usually what brings in the deviant behavior. If society is overrun by gang type activity, violence, and other crime related activity you are more likely to have deviant childish behavior. It is if a monkey sees a monkey must do society we all live in. If you have a good cultural upbringing and social norms to have the common sense or even the will power to say no it is better for the juvenile not to be deviant. There are differences in the areas where juveniles grow up. In the larger city you are more likely to have the gang violence and the shootings than you would if a juvenile grew up in a small country type town. Yet, the juveniles have the choice to be deviant even living in a small country town because; they have the overwhelming need to fit in or prove themselves to anyone and everyone. Even the juveniles who go to religious schools have the need to fit in because of clicks and social and fiscal clicks. In which all the troubles lie. Not knowing where or even how to get the help or are they going to be able to afford the help. In 1999 President Bill Clinton tried to raise the budget so lower income families could afford to get the health care needed, food on tables, and child care for those in need. He also increased the HHS Budget for the Head Start preschool program. He also tried to get budget increased for juvenile justice programs –including anti-gang, violence prevention, and school violence initiatives. (Portner, 2000)Yet today they are trying to take it all those who cannot afford to work or physically just cannot work period. We are unable to defend ourselves because our voices are being overrun by the bigger cities such as Chicago. The book states that there are more blacks than white juveniles in our jails today because of personal and social upbringing and there need to fit have happened since slavery had begun. They have had it terribly difficult trying to fit in since the early years due to the cultural and social integration of our nation. If it wasn’t for that I feel everyone would have a fair chance at life and be a better person and no one would be judged on race color or social class. They would all be judged on their integrity and ability to know what is right and wrong. Everyone is treated different but it is up to all of us to know how to handle each situation we encounter no matter how difficult it may be. Kids will be kids but what happens when little pranks turn out to be major problems in the future? That is where the juvenile justice system should step in. If we all could help one another, and watch over each youth we all could pay it forward. Lend a helping hand where needed and help the youth of our society bring forward good values, fortune and the respect for the authority and the laws which our nation has built upon. I have personally have helped raise six children that were not mine by birth but, have called me mom because I was there for them they lived under my roof and treated me with the respect I deserved. Only two of them have become deviant and part of the juvenile justice system. They made the choice to move out and drink like their birth parents. They were arrested for public intoxication and underage drinking because they thought it was what the in thing to do was. Since then they have moved back in and graduated High School, joined the military, gotten married and are living normal lives with their own children. The other four have also moved out and have been leading respectable lives and have stayed away from trouble. I feel so proud to have been a part of their lives. I have three other children by birth that I am hoping that I can instill the values of the other six I helped raise. I still hear from all my kids on a regular basis and I have seven wonderful grandchildren whom I hope their parents can keep out of trouble. It pays to help others when in need. My kids are the most important to me even if they are not my own they will always have a piece of my heart and the knowledge of a better life than what they originally had. It is a magnificent feeling to see them not in a life of crime. References Asscher, J. J. , van Vugt, E. S. , Stams, G. M. , Dekovic? , M. , Eichelsheim, V. I. , Yousfi, S. (2011). The relationship between juvenile psychopathic traits, delinquency and (violent) recidivism: A meta-analysis. Journal of Child Psychology Psychiatry, 52(11), 1134-1143. doi:10. 1111/j. 1469-7610. 2011. 02412. x Bartolla C. , Schmallegner F. (2011) Juvenile Delinquency 8th Edition, Saddle River, Pearson Education Inc. Ho, K. M. , Litton, E. , Geelhoed, E. , Gope, M. , Burrell, M. , Coribel, J. , Rao, S. (2012). Effect of an Injury Awareness Education Program on Risk-Taking Behaviors and Injuries in Juvenile Justice Offenders: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Plos ONE, 7(2), 1-6. doi:10. 1371/journal. pone. 0031776 Mennis, J. , Harris, P. W. , Obradovic, Z. , Izenman, A. J. , Grunwald, H. E. , Lockwood, B. (2011). The Effect of Neighborhood Characteristics and Spatial Spillover on Urban Juvenile Delinquency and Recidivism. Professional Geographer, 63(2), 174-192. doi:10. 1080/00330124. 2010. 547149 Portner, J. (2000). Budget highlights child care, Juvenile justice. Education Week, 17(22), BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE AUTHOR Though I was on my own from age fourteen it was very hard for me psychologically, physically, and mentally to figure out what was right and wrong. I believed that growing up on the streets was the only way of life even though it wasn’t. I was supposed to be a ward of the state but they could never find me my parents gave up on me and treated my sisters as if they were queens. I was not going to give up I joined in the life of crime gangs and drugs. I had pulled myself away from the trouble even though it was hard to get removed from gang life. I had been shot twice and survived each bullet wound. I had been brutally raped and became pregnant from it. I dropped out of school. I had never killed anyone or anything like that but, they were my family so I played follow the leader until, I watched my best friend die. I moved as far as four hundred dollars would take me. I ended up down this direction, where I had met my new friends and family. They helped me learn that I had to be happy with myself and move forward and not dwell on the past. So I got my GED in 1995. I have also gotten married and as I stated earlier have raised multiple children whom were not mine by birth but, by the grace of god fell into my custody. I think it was divine intervention that helped me see I needed to improve myself and help others in order to be happy and show them that if I can change so can they. So I am hoping to further my education as long as I can and continue to help those who need help the most. It is very wonderful to see what you can accomplish if you just put your mind to it. Life is too short to live looking over your shoulder. Live life to the fullest, and enjoy every blessing that comes your way.